PROGRAMS OFFERED

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COURSE OUTLINES

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B.A./B.Sc. (Hons.) First Year (B.S. 1st Year)

Definitions & scope of geography, climate: an introduction to atmosphere, solar and terrestrial radiation, temperature (vertical & horizontal distribution), moisture and atmospheric stability, forms of condensation and precipitation, air pressure and wind circulation, air masses, disturbances, climatic regions, natural vegetation: major types of vegetation, world pattern of natural vegetation, ocean: global oceans & seas, structure of the ocean floor, salinity and its distribution, Sea temperature, oceanic surface and subsurface currents, tides, oceanic deposits.
Lab:
Isotherms, isobars, climographs, meteorological instruments, study of weather maps.
Suggested Readings:
Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A. and Getis, J. 2005. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill: New York.
Tarbuck, J.E and Lutgens, K.F. 2000. Earth Science, 9th Edition, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Christopherson, W.R. 1997. Geosystems: An Introduction to the physical Geography, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
De Blij, H.J. 1995. The Earth: An Introduction to its Physical and Human Geography, 4th Edition, John Wiley: New York.
Lutgens, K.F and Tarbuck, J.E. 1995. The Atmosphere, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Scott, C.R. 1989. Physical Geography, West Publication Company: St. Paul.
Strahler, N. Arthur and Strahler, H. Alan, 1987. Modern Physical Geography, 3rd Edition John Wiley: New York.
McKnight, L.T. 1987. Physical Geography: Landscape Appreciation, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall: New Jersey.

The dynamic planet: internal structure of the earth, earthquakes, plate tectonics: continental drift theory, theory of plate tectonics and sea floor spreading, rocks & minerals: rock cycle, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, minerals, volcanism: the nature of volcanic eruption and extruded material, volcanic cones, other volcanic landforms, intrusive igneous activity, mountain building: crustal uplift, rock deformation, mountain types, weathering, erosion & mass wasting, landforms developed by river, glaciers and winds, soil: soil formation, soil types, soil texture, soil profile.
Lab:
Construction of maps and diagrams, identification of rocks and minerals, methods of showing relief: contours (pattern, cross section).
Suggested Readings:
Pluijm, B. A.V. and Marshak, S. 2004. Earth Structure: An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2nd edition, W.W. Norton & Company: New York
Stoppato, C. M. and Bini A. 2003. Deserts: A Firefly Guide: Toronto: Ontario.
Tarbuck , J. E. and Lutgens, K. F. 2000. Earth Science, 9th edition, Prentice Hall: New York.
De Blij, J. H. 1995. The Earth: An Introduction to its Physical and Human Geography, 4th edition, John Wiley: New York.
Pellant, C. and Pellant, H. 1993. Rocks & Minerals, A Dorling Kindersely Book: London
Scott, C. R. 1989. Physical Geography, West Publishing Company: St. Paul.
Hamblin, K. W. 1985. The Earth’s Dynamic Systems, 5th edition, Macmillan Publishing Company & Collier Macmillan Publishers: New York.

B.A./B.Sc. (Hons.) Second Year (B.S. 2nd Year)

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Meaning and scope of human geography, man and environment relationship, population: population growth (Malthusian theory, demographic transition theory), population distribution, migration, language and religion: classification of languages, world pattern of languages, classification of religion, the principle religion, race: major racial groups and their distribution, settlements: classification of settlements (central place theory), urban and rural settlements (forms, functions and classification), political systems: national political systems (nations, states and nation-states), geographic characterization of states (size, shape, location, cores and capitals), classification of boundaries, international political system: the United Nations and its agencies, regional alliances, laws of the sea and maritime boundaries.
Lab.
Construction of maps and diagrams to show world distribution of population, religions, languages and races, age sex pyramids of different countries, calculation of rates and ratios related to population.
Suggested Readings:
Rubenstein, M. James. 2004. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
De Blij, H. J. 2003. Human Geography: Culture and Society, John Wiley and Sons Incorporated: New York.
Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A. and Getis, J. 2005. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill: New York.
Ahmad, Q. S. 2001. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Royal Book Company: Karachi.
Scott, Foresman and De Blij, J. Harm. 1989. World Geography, Scott, Foresman and Company: Illinois.
Raw, Michael. 1986. Understanding Human Geography: A Practical Approach. Bell and Hymann: London.

Meaning and scope of regional geography, the concept of region in geography, development of regional geography: the concept of natural regions and cultural regions types of regions: uniform regions, functional regions etc., main concepts of region: criteria, categories, characteristics, cores and boundaries, compages and regional consciousness, world regional patterns: South Asia, South West Asia, South East Asia, north Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Nordic Europe, Mediterranean (Southern) Europe, Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States, North America, Middle America, South America, the Pacific Rim, the Pacific realm.
Lab.
Construction of maps and diagrams to show various characteristics of regions, assignment and presentation on regions.
Suggested Readings:
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman: New York.
Hobbs, J. Joseph and Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
De Blij, H.J. and Muller, O. Peter. 2005. Concepts and Regions in Geography, John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated: New York.
De Blij, H. J. 2003. Realms, Regions and Concepts, John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated: New York.
James, P.E. 1974. One World Divided (Second Edition), John Wiley and Sons: New York

Economic activities: types and world patterns, primary activities: agriculture: origin and types of agriculture, Von Thunen theory of agricultural location, agriculture resources (production and trade of major crops), fishing, lumbering, mining, (major mineral resources and non mineral resources: production and trade of iron ore, copper, gold, coal, petroleum, natural gas), secondary activities: world manufacturing patterns, location factor in industry (Weber’s theory), world production and trade of major industries, pattern of high-tech industries, tertiary activities: transportation (mode of transportation), factors affecting transportation, world transportation pattern, international trade, major trade partners and organization, world trade pattern, energy resources: renewable and nonrenewable resources (thermal power, hydel power, solar power, wind power, nuclear power), economic development: world pattern of economic development, measures of economic development, poverty problem.
Lab.
Construction of maps and diagrams to show economic activities, world distribution of major crops, fishing grounds, major minerals, major industrial goods, trade pattern.
Suggested Readings:
Khan, F. K.. 2005. Commercial Geography, Oxford University Press: Karachi.
Rubenstein, M. James. 2004. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
De Blij, H. J. 2003. Human Geography: Culture and Society, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A. and Getis, J. 2005. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill: New York.
Ahmad, Q. S. 2001. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Royal Book Company: Karachi.
Hartshorn, A. Truman and Alexander, W. John. 1999. Economic Geography. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Scott, Foresman and De Blij, J. Harm. 1989. World geography. Scott, Foresman and Company: Illinois.
Raw, Michael. 1986. Understanding Human Geography: A Practical Approach. Bell and Hymann: London.

Maps and essentials of maps (scale, legend, north arrow, projection, conventional signs) types of maps, scales, types of scales: simple statement, representative fraction (R.F.) scale, graphical scale (linear and diagonal), map projections, types of map projections: cylindrical projections (equal area and Mercator’s), conical projections (one standard parallel, two standard parallel) and zenithal projections (equal area, equidistance, gnomonic, and stereographic), digitization of map features, interpretation of maps: methods of showing relief, interpretation of topographical maps, preparation of maps and graphs using statistical data: pie graph, bar graphs, thematic map: dot maps choropleth maps, isopleths maps, surveying, types of surveying (chain survey, plane table survey, theodolite survey), introduction to global positioning system (G.P.S).
Lab:
Field survey with the help of following instruments: plane table, engineer’s chain, construction of scales, graticules of map projections, thematic maps, pie graph and bar graph.
Suggested Readings:
Wolf, Paul R. and Ghilani, C. 2005. Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 11th Edition. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Robinson, Kimberling. 2000. Elements of Cartography, sixth edition, John Wiley: New York.
Campbell, John. 1991. Map Use and Analysis, WMC. Brown Publishers: Iowa
Singh, R.L. 1979. Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani Publishers: New Delhi.
Monkhouse, F.J. 1976. Maps and Diagrams, Methuen & Company: London.
Singh, R.L. 1964. Map Work and Practical Geography, Kalyani Publishers: New Delhi.
Bygott, J. 1955. An Introduction to Map Work and Practical Geography, University Tutorial Press: London.

Meaning and scope of human geography, population, race, language and religion, settlements, political system, economic activities, agriculture resources, mineral resources, industry, world pattern of trade, energy resources and economic development.
Lab.
Construction of maps and diagrams to show world distribution of population, religions, languages and races, major crops, fishing grounds, major minerals
Suggested Readings:
Khan, F. K. 2005. Commercial Geography, Oxford University Press: Pakistan
Rubenstein, M. James. 2004. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
De Blij. H. J. 2003. Human Geography: Culture and Society, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A. and Getis, J. 2003. Human Geography, McGraw Hills: New York.
Ahmad, Q. S. 2001. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Royal Book Company: Karachi.
Hartshorn, A. Truman and Alexander, W. John. 1999. Economic Geography, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Scott, F. and De Blij, H. J. 1989. World Geography, Scott Foresman and Company: Illinois.
Raw, Michael. 1986. Understanding Human Geography: A Practical Approach, Bell and Hymann: London.

B.A./B.Sc. (Hons.) Third Year (B.S. 3rd Year or M.A./M.Sc. (Previous) 1st Year)

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Scope, historical development and fundamental concepts of geomorphology, factors of landforms development: geomorphic processes, geological structure and time, weathering and mass wasting: creation and modification of landforms by weathering and mass wasting, topography of folded and faulted structures, Isostasy, Plate Tectonics, Fluvial Processes and Landforms, Aeolian process and land forms, Glacial Landforms, waves action and coastal land forms, geomorphology of karst region.
Lab
Construction and interpretation of geomorphic maps, geological structure, study of drainage patterns,
Calculation of basin area, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, field study to develop understanding about geomorphic processes and various landforms
Suggested Readings:
Schaetzl, R. J. and Anderson, S. 2005. Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Thornbury,W.E. 2002. Principle of Geomorphology, John Wiley and Sons: New York
Ritter, Kochel and Miller. 2001. Process Geomorphology, John Wiley and Sons: New York
W.K. Hamblin. 2000. The Earth Dynamic Systems, Longman: UK.
Strahler, A.N. 2000. Elements of Physical Geography, John Wiley and Sons: New York
Tarbuck , J. E. and Lutgens, K. F. 2000. Earth Science, 9th edition, Prentice Hall: New York.
W.K. Hamblin. 1998. Introduction to Physical Geology, Longman: UK
Small, R.J. 1989. Geomorphology and Hydrology, Longman: London.
Thorn, C.E. 1987. An Introduction to Theoretical Geomorphology, Unwin Hyman: Boston.
Leopold and Wolman. 1987. Fluvial process in Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
McCullagh, P. 1987. Modern concepts in Geomorphology, Harper & Co: London.
Chorley. 1986. Spatial analysis in Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York
Robinson, Harry. 1983. Morphology and landscape, Muller Publication: New York.

Scope and function of economic geography, defining economic geography: defining world economic activities, the classification of economic activities, economic challenge in future, the changing world economy: economic organization and spatial change, spatial divisions of labour, global patterns and trends: economic development means, international patterns of resources and population, international patterns of industry and finance, interpretations of international inequality, the geographical dynamics of the world economy: states and the world economy, market-access and the regional motors of the new world economy, the globalization of production systems: economic challenge in future, economic resources: an overview, economic resources and their distribution, implication of resource development, resource management, industrial locations and industrial development, international trade: world trade pattern, international trade bodies, international trade agreements, international transportation and communication: means and modes of international transportation, world trade routes; sea routes & air routes, marine transportation, transport management.
Lab.
Construction of statistical maps using a variety of methods with help of relevant data.
Suggested Readings
Robert, B.Gibson. 2005. Sustainability Assessment, Earth Scan: London.
Fellmann, J. D., Getis, A. and Getis, J. 2003. Human Geography, McGraw Hills: New York.
Ahmad, Q. S. 2001. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Royal Book Company: Karachi.
Hartshorn, A. Truman and Alexander, W. John, 1999. Economic Geography Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Hanink, M. 1997. Principle and applications of Economic Geography, Wiley: New York,
Alexander, Gibson. 1997. Economic Geography, Prentice Hall of South East Asia: Singapore.
Knapp, B.J , Ross, S.R. and Mccrae, D.L.R. 1994. The challenge of Economic Environment, Pearson: Delhi.
Henink, D. 1994. The international Economy: A Geographical perspective, John Wiley, New York.

Examines the concepts of culture as it relates to the geographic landscape. Topics include the built environment, symbolic landscapes, representation of place in film, literature, photography, and music, subaltern geographies, landscapes and cultures of work, and place-situated identity. Course provides an overview of research methods and themes in cultural geography.
Lab
Lab and assignment work related to various cultural regions of the world highlighting important cultural traits. Field trip and field research required.
Suggested Readings
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, T., Neumann, R. P. and Price, P. L. 2005. The Human Mosaic, W. H. Freeman: New York.
Angrew, Jhon, David and N. R. Alisdair. 1996. Human Geography: An Essential Anthropology, Blackwell publisher: Boston
Jeckson, Peter. 1989. Map & meaning: An introduction to Cultural Geography, Blackwell publishers: Boston
Spencer, J.E. and Thomas, W.I. 1978. Introducing Cultural Geography, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Jan.O. M, and Broek, John W. Webb. 1968. The Geography of Mankind, McGraw-Hill: London.

Meaning and scope of cartography, historical development of cartography: cartography in ancient period, cartography in middle ages, cartography in modern ages, elements of map: projection, scale and generalization, symbolization, categories of maps and their purposes, map projections: basic geodesy, major types of projections, choices of projections, coordinate systems, sources of spatial data: ground survey and positioning (GPS), air photo and remote sensing data census and sampling, cartographic specialties: choroloplth maps, isopleth maps, dot maps, cartograms ergo graph etc, map specifications: Color and pattern use, topography and map lettering, computer cartography: use of GIS in cartography, map digitization, digital image processing.
Lab.
Construction of graticules by using following map projection (mathematical methods) simple cylindrical, cylindrical equal area, mercator’s projection, Gall’s projection Mollweide’s projection, Bonne’s Projection, Polyconic Projection, Conical One Standard Parallel Projection, Conical Two Standard Parallel Projection, zenithal equidistant projection, zenithal equal area projection etc, statistical maps and diagrams: choropleth map, isopleth map, proportion circles, divided circles etc, ergo graph, cartogram, construction of digital maps.
Suggested Readings.
Longley, A. Paul. 2005. Geographical Information system and science, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York.
Ahmad, Q.S. 1968. Simple Map Projection, Publishers United Limited: Lahore.
Khan, J.A. . 2002. Map projection, Rahber Publisher: Karachi.
Robinson, K. 2000. Elements of Cartography, sixth edition, John Wiley: New York.
Dorling, D. and Fairdirm, D. 1997. Ways of Representing the world, Longman: New York.

Introduction: geographic qualities of south Asia, physiographic regions, the human sequence: population & settlement, Pakistan: historical background, physical environment: relief and drainage, climate, land use patterns: agriculture, industry, transport, minerals and power, population, trade and urbanisation, India: physiography and climate, India’s development: soil and agriculture, mineral resources and industrialization, demographic crisis: India’s dilemma, demographic cycles, urbanization, the east: Bangladesh: historical background, physical environment: relief and drainage, climate, land use patterns: agriculture, industry, transport, minerals and power, population trade and future prospects with special reference to the conditions in the country, Sri Lanka- Island of the South Asia: introduction and location, relief and drainage, climate and natural vegetation, geographical regions, agriculture-types of farming, fishing industry, minerals and industry, population, trade and transport, future prospects, mountainous north: Nepal and Bhutan.
Lab
Collection of latest data and compilation of maps on the topics listed above
Suggested Readings
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman.: New York.
Hobbs, J. Joseph and Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks
Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
De Blij, H.J. and Muller, Peter. O. 1997. Geography, Realms/Regions and concepts, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Breton, Roland J. L. 1997. Atlas of the Languages and Ethnic communities of South Asia, 2nd edition, AltaMira Press, New York.
Dutt, Ashok, K. 1987. Atlas of South Asia, Westview: Jackson.
James, P. E. 1974. One World Divided, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Benhart, E. J. and Pomeroy, M. G. 2005. South Asia: Modern World Cultures. Chelsea House Publications: Philadelphia.

Introduction: Tri-continental junction, major physical and cultural characteristics, historical background, pattern of people and culture, physical features: landforms, water resources (river/ground water/ oasis), climate: major climatic factors, elements of climate, soils, vegetation and animal life: ecological relationships and soils, major soil pattern, vegetation patterns, and animal life, agriculture: rainfed crop farming, irrigation, riches beneath the earth: petroleum and gas, patterns of resources/production, major oil facilities, OPEC and marketing, other minerals, manufacturing: Patterns of Industry, Regional development problem, settlements: urbanization, selected cities.
Lab
Students are required to prepare assignments/lab work related to various aspects of southwest Asian states.
Suggested Readings
Colbert, C. Held. 2005. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics, Westview Press: Jackson.
Anuery, H. Wolf, A. 2000. Water in the Middle East: A Geography of peace, Texas press: Austin.
Beaumont, P.G.H. Blake and J.M. Wagstaff. 1998. The Middle East, A geographical study, Halsted Press: New York.
Dawood, A.S. and Karan. 1990. International boundaries of Saudi Arabia, Galaxy: Delhi.
Blake, G.H. and Schofield, R.N. 1987. Boundaries and state territories in the Middle East and North Africa, MENA Press: Cambridge.
Fisher, W.B. 1978. The Middle East, Methun: London.
Kheirabadi, M. 1978. Iranian cities: Formation and development, University of Texas Press: Austin.
Cressay, G.B. 1960. Cross roads: land & life in Southwest Asia, Lippincoft: Chicago.

Regional geography of Southeast Asia, physical framework, climate, soil and vegetation, population, economic development agriculture and plantation, minerals industries, trade and transport.
Lab Construction of maps, collection of data
Suggested Readings
Weightman, B. A. 2005. Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia. John Wiley & Sons: New York
Hobbs, J. Joseph and Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks
Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman: New York.
De Blij, H.J. and Muller, Peter. O. 1997. Geography, Realms/Regions and concepts, John Wiley and Sons: New York.
Scott, Foreman and J. H, De Blij. 1989. World geography Scott, Foresman and Company: Illinois.
James, P.E. 1964. One World Divided: A Geographer Looks at the Modern World, Blasdell publishing Company: Toronto.

General consideration: The region of North Africa-an introduction, sub divisions of North Africa, The global importance of North Africa, the rise of Islam in North Africa, physical environment: structure and relief, vegetation and soil, land scapes, climate, environmental hazards, human and natural resource: population, agriculture, livestock, oil, gas and minerals, transport, the Suez canal, study of North African countries: Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Sudan.
Lab
Lab work including map work and assignment related to physical and economic aspects of the states of North Africa
Suggested Readings
Hobbs, J. Joseph and Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman. New York.
Littell, M. 2002. World Cultures and Geography. McDougal Littell: Boston.
Har- el, Julia. 1992. The Middle East and North Africa: Multicultural Geography. American school publishers: New York.
Jarrett, H.R. 1971. An outline Geography of Africa, Methuen: London.

Physiography, climate, vegetation and soil, population, economy and resources, political system.
Lab
Construction of maps and collection of data, assignment.
Suggested Readings
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman: New York.
Hobbs, J. Joseph and Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
De Blij. H. J. 2003. Realms, Regions and Concepts, John Wiley: New York.
James, P. E. 1974. One World Divided (Second Edition), John Wiley: New York.
James, P. E. 1955. American Inventory and Prospects, Association of American Geographers: Washinghton.

Muslim world as region, Muslim world in the world perspective, diffusion of Islam and expansion of Muslim rule, physiography of the Muslim world, climate of the Muslim world, population: population growth, population distribution, fertility pattern, human resources and development, political systems, disputes and conflicts: national political system, form of government, impacts of colonialism, regional alliances (OIC, ECO, Arab League etc.), Arab-Israel conflicts in the Muslim world, Islamic radial movements, society and culture: foundation of Islamic culture, monastery culture, cultural differences in the Muslim world.
Lab
Construction of maps to show distribution and pattern of diffusion of Islam, expansion of Muslim rule, physiography, climatic graphs, population distribution, fertility pattern, economic pattern, human resources, colonialism in the Muslim world, major disputes and conflicts.
Suggested Readings
Orens,G. 2003. The Muslim World, H.W. Wilson: New York.
Beaumont, P.G.H. Blake and J.M. Wagstaff. 1998. The Middle East, A geographical study, Halsted Press: New York.
Afzal, Iqbal. 1998. Contemporary Muslim world, Kitabistan Publisher: Lahore.
Savory, R.H. 1997. Introduction to Islamic Civilization, Jall & Company: London.
Blake, G.H. and Schofield, R.N. 1987. Boundaries and State territories in the Middle East and North Africa, MENA Press: Cambridge.

Political structure of Europe, European and rest of Europe, physical framework, climate, soils and vegetation, population, economic development, agriculture, industries mineral and power resources, trade and transport.
Lab
Construction of maps, collection of data
Suggested Readings
Hobbs, J. Joseph, Salter, L. Christopher. 2005. Essentials of World Regional Geography, Brooks Cole Publishing Company: Minnesota.
Mihelic, P. Lydia. 2005. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, W.H. Freeman: New York.
De Blij, H.J. 1997. Geography Realms, Regions and Concepts, John Wiley: New York.
James, P.E. 1964. One World Divided: A geographer looks at the modern world, Blaisdell: Toronto.

Introduction, atmosphere: composition, structure, air temperature (including insolation): general, by latitude, by season, terrestrial heat budget, vertical distribution, horizontal distribution, stability and instability, lapse rate, pressure: vertical distribution, horizontal distribution of pressure at sea level, local winds and oceans currents, general circulation of atmosphere, seasonal winds (monsoon), moisture and precipitation: hydrology cycle, absolute, specific and relative humidity, process of condensation: fog and clouds, instability of atmosphere, tornado, thunderstorm, zonal distribution of precipitation, air masses, fronts, cyclones: tropical and extra tropical, climatic classification Koppen- Geiger, climatic change.
Lab
Climograph of one station, Weather map of Pakistan, copying of data from climatic normal of specific elements for stations and calculation of summer / winter means temperature, plotting of data on maps, drawing of isolines on maps and their interpretation, Development of Wind Rose, Study of Weather Satellite Data and Interpretation of Synoptic maps
Suggested Readings
Thompson, D. R. and Perry, A. 2005. Applied Climatology. 1st Edition. Taylor and Francis: London.
Barry, G. R. 2001. Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology. 1st Edition. Routledge: New York.
Khan, Jamil. A. 1993. The Climate of Pakistan, Rehbar Publishers: Karachi.
Strahler, A.N. 1992. Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Hobbs, E. J. 1980. Applied Climatology: A study of atmospheric resources. Westview Press: San Francisco.
Berry, B.J.L. and Chorley, R. 1971. Atmosphere, Weather, Climate, Methuen: London.
Trewartha, G.T. and Finch, J. 1967. Physical Elements of Geography, McGraw Hills: New York.
Trewartha, G.T. 1954. An Introduction to Climate, McGraw Hill: New York.

The Spirit & Scope of Geography: geography as a study of variable character of the earth’s surface (Man-land system), the concept of occupied space, main themes and traditions, historical perspective of development of geographic thought: geography in Ancient period, geography in the Middle ages: Muslim contribution, European contribution, modern geography & its furtherance: founder of modern geography (Humboldt & Ritter), geography after Humboldt & Ritter, specialization and quantitative revolution, tradition in the focus of study: earth science, area study, spatial organization, man land tradition, and cartography, geography as a nomothetic science: facts, model, and paradigms, ideographic verses nomothetic debate, explanation: philosophy (theory & methodology, two routes), geography as a paradigmatic science, geography in Pakistan: development of post graduate research & teaching, research tradition, focus of studies, definitional framework, explanatory themes, research development, future of geographical research.
Lab
Presentation/written assignment on various topics of scope and spirit of Geography, various concepts and historical periods.
Suggested Readings
Aitken, S and G. Valentine. 2006. Approaches to Human Geography, Sage Publications: London.
Qureshi, M.U. 2005. Encyclopedia of Geographical Thoughts, volume 2, Anmol Publications: New Delhi.
Johnston, R.J. 2000. Geography and Geographers, Arnold: London.
Jensen and Arild Holt. 1999. Geography its History and Concepts, Harper & Row: London.
Geoffrey, J. Martin and James, P.E. 1993. All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas, Wiley: New York.
Haggett, P. 1990. The Geographer’s Art, Blackwell: Cambridge.
Harvey, M.E. and Holly, B.P. 1981. Themes in Geographic Thought, Croom Helm: London.

Scope of map and air photo analysis, map interpretation: techniques of map interpretation, interpretation of thematic maps, location on a map: grid and grid references, British method, UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator grid system), bearing interpretation of topographical maps (physical features, drainage pattern etc), (cultural features: urban and rural settlements, transportation, irrigation and agriculture etc.), aerial photography: history of aerial photography, mechanism of aerial photography, geometry of a vertical photograph (photographic centers: principle point, iso-center, nadir), application of aerial image: land forms and drainage, land use planning, natural resources and management, forestry.
Lab
Construction of British and UTM grid system, calculation of bearings, identification of physical and cultural features on the topographical maps, study of relief, drainage pattern, rural settlement types and irrigation on the topographical maps, interpretation of topographical maps of different areas of Pakistan, calculating of scale, nadir, principle point, height and displacement on the aerial photographs, identification of features on air photographs, stereoscopic vision, development of thematic maps and interpretation of air photographs and mosaics.
Suggested Readings
Monmonier, M. Spying with Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the Future of Privacy, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Paine, P. 2002. Aerial photography and image interpretation, John Wiley: New York.
Campbell, J. 2001. Map use and Analysis, Mcgraw Hill: New York.
Robinson H. Arthur and Morrison. 2000. Elements of Cartography, 6th edition, John Willey: New York.
G.C. Dickenson. 1979. Maps and Air photographs, Edward Arnold: London.
Abeedullah, Jan. 1972. Fundamentals of Photo interpretation and Photogrammetry, Forest Institute: Peshawar.
Singh, R.L. 1964. Map Work and Practical Geography, Kalyani Publishers: New Delhi.
Walker, F. 1964. Geography from the Air, Methuen: London.
Dickinson, G. 1969. Maps and Air Photographs, Edward Arnold: London.

Scope of quantitative methods in geography, historical background and application of quantitative methods in geography, geographic data: primary, secondary, qualitative and quantitative data, discrete data and continuous variables, measure of central tendency, measure of dispersions, skewness and kurtosis, correlation and regression - hypothesis, spatial analysis: nearest neighbor index (NNI), Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, calculation of shape index, calculation of accessibility index.
Lab
Frequency table, histogram, frequency polygon, computation of arithmetic mean, mode, median, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, skewness and kurtosis. Linear correlation (product moment and rank correlation), test of hypothesis, linear regression, nearest neighbor index, shape index and accessibility index, digital exercises
Suggested Readings
Fotheringham, A. Stewart, Brunsdon, C. and Martin E. 2000. Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis, Sage Publications: New York.
Burt, J. and Barder, G. 1996. Elementary statistics for Geographers, The Guliford press: New York.
Yeates, Maurice. 1996. An Introduction to Quantitative Analysis in Human Geography, Mc. Grew Hill: New York.
Levin, J. and Fox. 1996. Elementary Statistics in Social Research, Longman: New York.
Saroj, Pal. 1995. Computing Mathematical Techniques in Geography, B.R. Publishing: Delhi.

Physiography of Pakistan, Climate of Pakistan: General weather condition: Temperature of hot season, cold season, Distribution of rainfall, Climatic regions Based on Koppen’s classification and Tronwait’s classification. Soil and vegetation of Pakistan: Major soil groups and soil regions, Major vegetation groups. Population: Growth, Density, Distribution and migration in Pakistan Urban development and urbanization. Economy of Pakistan: Farming techniques, problems and progress, waterlogging and salinity reclaiming projects, food grain growing regions. Cash crops growing regions. Mineral and their uses, power resources, Resource base for the industries, Industrial regions.
Lab
Students are required to prepare different maps to show landforms, climatic conditions, vegetation and soil patterns, population distribution. Agricultural crops, irrigation system transportation and communication networks mineral deposits, Industries and settlement patterns of Pakistan.
Suggested Readings
Khan, F. K. 2006. Pakistan Geography, Economy and People, Oxford University press: Karachi.
K.M. Shamshad. 1988. The Meteorology of Pakistan, Royal Book: Karachi.
Nabi, Hameed and Zahid. 1987. The Agrarian Economy of Pakistan: Oxford University Press, Pakistan.
Khan, A. J. 1993. The climate of Pakistan, 1st Edition, Rehbar Publishers: Karachi.
Kazi, S. Ahmad, F. 1966. A Geography of Pakistan, Karachi Oxford University Press: Karachi.
Ahmad, Uddin, and Kazi. 1969. A Geography of Pakistan, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press: Karachi.
Rahman, M. 2002. Agricuture in Pakistan, Akademiai Kiado.
Johnson, B. L.C. 1979. Pakistan. Heinemann: London.

M.A./M.Sc. Final Year (B.S. 4th Year or M.A./M.S.c. (Previous) Final Year)

____________________________________________________________________

This course will include discussions on the way problems and hypotheses are developed and formulated, their nature and definitions, methods of observation and data collection, types of data, types of research and interpretation, various statistical methods, use of SPSS, GIS, etc.
Lab
Application of research techniques and methodology.
Suggested Readings
Clifford, N.J. and Valentine. G. 2003. Key Methods in Geography, Sage Publications: London.
Babble, R. 2003. Survey Research methods, John Wiley: New York.
Skelton, Limb and Dwyer, C. 2001. Cross Cultural Research Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers, Arnold: London.
Nash, D.J. 2000. Doing Independent Overseas Field Work, Journal of Geography in Higher Education 24: 139- 49
Shaw, G. and Wheeler. 1994. Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis, David Fulton: London.
Shiaskin,I.M. 1985. Survey Research, Resource publication, Association of American Geographers: Washington.
Kalton. 1983. Introduction to Survey Sampling, Sage publication: London.
Hicks, C.R. 1982. Fundamental Concepts in the Design of Experiments, CBS Publishing: New York.
Dixon. 1978. Sampling methods for Geographical research, Nerwick: New York.
Platt,R. 1968. Field Study, Association of American Geographers: New York.

Meaning and scope of field study, methods of field study: setting of the objectives, search of documentary materials, arrangement of base maps, aerial photographs, satellite imageries, the reconnaissance and formation of field plan, methods of recording direct field observations: fractional code method, unit area method etc., techniques of land use classification: land use classification: land classification of Britain, international geographical union land use classification with special reference of Pakistan, sampling technique and its application in field study: sampling size, sampling type, survey Research: selection of survey mechanism, questionnaire development, survey execution and data analysis, orientation of field instruments: plane table, leveling, GPS, clinometers, field meteorological device, measurement device, altimeter, digital camera etc.
Lab
Case studies and field visits to understand the techniques of field study, orientation of field instruments.
Suggested Readings
Babble, R. 2003. Survey Research methods, John Wiley: New York.
Lounsbury, Aldrich and F. T. 1986. Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and Techniques, Macmillan Publishing Company: Basingstoke Hampshire.
Shiaskin,I.M. 1985. Survey Research, Resource publication, Association of American Geographers: Washington.
Kalton. 1983. Introduction to Survey Sampling, Sage publication: London.
Dixon. 1978. Sampling methods for Geographical research, Nerwick: New York.
Platt,R. 1968. Field Study, Association of American Geographers: New York.

Study of selected areas guided by teachers, students are required to submit report or their field study for evaluation.
Lab Field report
Suggested Readings
Babble, R. 2003. Survey Research methods, John Wiley: New York.
Shiaskin,I.M. 1985. Survey Research, Resource publication, Association of American Geographers: Washington.
Kalton. 1983. Introduction to Survey Sampling, Sage publication: London.
Dixon, C.J. 1978. Sampling methods for Geographical research, Nerwick: New York.
Platt,R. 1968. Field Study, Association of American Geographers: New York.

Introduction and overview of GIS: introduction, definitions, components, functional sub-science. Evolution and application of GIS, data models (raster data model, vector data model, attribute data model), data acquisition techniques (data sources, map and data sources in Pakistan, data capturing techniques and procedures), data transformation, visualization of spatial data (layers and projections), map design: (symbols to portray points, lines and volumes, graphic variables, visual hierarchy), data classification graphic approach, mathematical approach spatial relationships (topology), spatial analysis: overlay analysis, spatial analysis, neighborhood functions, network and overlay analysis, buffering, spatial data quality: components of data quality, micro level, components, macro level components, usage components, sources of error, and accuracy.
Lab
The lab, exercises based on hands-on desktop GIS state-of-art software (MapInfo and ArcView) will provide extensive training in data collection, database development and image processing for any real world example, following are the activities involved: introduction to GIS lab. (hardware/software), introduction to GIS software, raster/vector/attribute data display, scanning, digitization, co-ordinate based point mapping, raster/vector conversion, data layer integration and display of different projections, map layout, data classification and thematic mapping, handling with topological errors, overlay analysis, network analysis.
Suggested Readings
Langley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F and Rhind, D. W. 2005. Geographic Information Science: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, ESRI Press: California.
Arctur, D. K. 2004. Designing Geodatabases: Case Studies in GIS Data Modeling, ESRI Press: California.
Aronoff, S. 2004. Geographic Information Sciences: A Management Perspective (fifth edition), WDL Publications: Ottawa. Canada.
Clarke, K. 2004. Getting started with Geographic Information Science (second edition), Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Heywood, I. Cornelius, S. and Carver. S. 2003. An introduction to Geographic Information Science, Second Edition, Addison Wesley: Lognman, New York.
Longley P.A. 2003. Advanced Spatial Analysis, ESRI Press: California.
Jankowski, P. and Nyerges, T. 2001. Geographic Information Sciences for Group Decision Making, Taylor & Francis: London.
McDonald, R. Burrough, P. 2001. Principles of Geographic Information Science, Oxford University Press: London.
Bernhardsen, T. 1999. Geographic Information Sciences: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons: New York. MIC. 1999. MapInfo Professional; User’s Guide, MapInfo Corporation: New York.
ESRI. 1998. Working with ArcView Spatial Analyst, ESRI Educational Services, ESRI Press: California.
Mitchell, A. 1998. Geographic Information Sciences at Work in the Community Zeroing In, ESRI Press: California.

This course will focus on geographical uses of statistical methods of spatial analysis, using advanced statistical methods. The course deals with spatial data, spatial statistics; analysis of spatial distribution, study of spatial association, regionalization, and problems in the analysis of spatial series. Some training in computer programming will also have to be arranged, Multiple and Partial Correlation, multiple regression analysis, multi-variate analysis, exercises on Minitab and SPSS.
Lab
Application of statistical techniques in geographical research problems
Suggested Readings
Wang, Fahui. 2006. Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS, Chang Wing Publishing: Hong Kong.
Haining, Robert. 2003. Spatial data analysis: theory & practices, Longman: London.
Peter, R. A. 2001. Statistical methods for geography, Harper & Co: New York.
Shaw, G. and Wheeler, D. 1994. Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis, 2nd Edition John Wiley: New York.
Ebdon, D. 1993. Statistics in Geography: A Practical Approach. 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publishing: Cambridge.
Pal, K. S. 1982. Statistical techniques: A basic approach to geography, Tata McGraw-Hill: New Delhi.

Introduction and historical sketch, electronic spectrum (visible spectrum, atmospheric attenuation), microwave & hyper spectral remote sensing, sensors: imaging systems (RBV, MSS, TM, HRV, HRPT/APT/AVHRR) non imaging systems (RADAR), satellites: types and functions, unmanned satellites (generations, meteorological satellites, earth resources satellites, telecommunication satellites, spy satellites, scientific satellites) manned satellites, space shuttles, platforms, ground receiving stations and reception of data, image processing image interpretation techniques: elements, methods, image measurements: annotation, techniques, classification, applications: hydrology, geology, climatology, environmental application, planning, agriculture/forestry, socio-economic and demographic, land use, GIS and GPS, remote sensing in Pakistan: potential and prospects.
Lab
Introduction to labs, single band image interpretation, false color predictions, false color composite images interpretation, visual interpretation of aerial photographs, various sensors data comparison, thermal infrared image interpretation, introduction to ERDAS imagine, display, geo-linking, zooming, identification of targets, field trip.
Suggested Readings
Campbell and James, B. 2006. Introduction to Remote Sensing, 3rd Edition, The Guilford Press: New York.
Jensen, J. 2006. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resources Perspective, Prentice Hall: London.
Lillesand, K. and R. W. 2004. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 5th Edition, John Wiley: New York.
Mather, P. M. 2004. Computer Processing of Remotely Sensed Images, 3rd Edition, John Wiley: New York.
Gibson, P.J. 2000. Introductory Remote Sensing: Principles and Concepts, Routledge: London.
Sabins, F.F. 1996. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation, 3rd Edition, W. H. Freeman & Co: New York.

Scope and Status of Political Geography, definition: focus on political area, state as the focus of study, main approaches, development of political geography, political-geographic structure of a state, external structure, internal structure, functioning of integrative & divisive forces, measuring the functional effectiveness, geopolitical perspective of the world, heartland, Rimland: concepts and application, supra-national organizations, role of United Nations in world politics, a case study of Pakistan, boundaries, capital, the hierarchy of administrative units.
Lab
Study of various attributes of selected states of the world with quantitative cartographer application.
Suggested Readings
Taylor, and P.J. Flint. 2004. Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State and Locality Pearson: Delhi.
Agnew, J. Mitchell, K., and Toal. 2002. A Companion to Political Geography, Blackwell: Oxford.
Grant R. and Nijman, J. 2002. Globalization and the Margins. Palgrave: London.
Agnew, J. 1997. Political Geography: A Reader, Arnold: London.
Painter, J. Politics. 1995. Geography and Political Geography, Arnold: London.
Taylor, P.J. 1993. Political Geography of the Twentieth Century, Belhaver: London.
Raynolds, D. and Knight, D. 1989. Political Geography, Geography in America: Merril, Columbus 582 – 618
Munir, R. 1981. Modern Political Geography: Macmillan: London.
Kasperson, R.E. and Minghi. 1969. The Structure of Political Geography: Aldone, Chaicago.
Prescott, J.R.V. 1965. The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries, Hutchinson: London.

Introduction: Definition; explanation of terms used: urban area, urban centre town, city, metropolis and megalopolis, two types of urban centres: municipal town/city and cantonment. Location: with respect to latitude and longitude; with respect to major physical or cultural features; site and situation. Function: Economic base concept: basic and non-basic functions, their calculation; concept of economic health, central place theory: Christaller’s formulation; subsequent extension, classification of cities based on function: Harris & Ullman’s three types of cities: Schemes of classification: Harris; multivariate classification: Moser & Scot: British towns; Qazi S. Ahmad Indian cities. Form/Internal Structure, Classical theories: Burgess: Concentric Zone theory, Homer Hoyt: Sector/Wedge hypothesis, Harris & Ullman: Multiple Nuclei concept, Internal Structure of Non-western cities. Central Business district, Suburbs; New towns scheme, Slums and blighted areas; Katchi Abadies. Urban Population: Clark’s model: density-distance relationship; city-size distribution: primate, intermediate, rank-size; ethnic distribution. Urban Transportation: Modes of transportation: their relative merits, traffic: peak hour congestion, parking: off-street parking; multi-storied parking. Infrastructural facilities: flyovers, pedestrian bridges, subways, elevated railroads. Urban Planning: Theoretical framework; basic surveys, urban renewal, relocation of land uses, urban redevelopment.
Lab
Practical application of the subject on Karachi.
Suggested Readings
Hall, T. 2006. Urban Geography, 3rd Edition, Routledge: New York.
Fellmann, D. F. Gatis, and A. Gatis, J. 2005. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill: New York.
Dave, H. K., James, W. O. and Holloway, S. 2004. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Kaplan, Wheeler, O.J. and Holloway, S. 2003. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Hartshorne, A. T. and Alexander, W. J. 1988. Economic Geography, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
David, Clark. 1982. Urban Geography, Croom Helem: London.
Cartar, Harold. 1981. The Study of Urban Geography, Edward Arnold: London.
Ray, M. 1979. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Murphy, Raymond. 1966. The American city: An urban geography, McGrow Hill: New York.
Mayar, H. and Kohn. 1959. Readings in urban geography, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

Central place theory, significance and implications; urban hierarchies; intra-urban retail location; models of consumer behaviour, application of central place theory in settlements, system of central places; spatial interaction and spatial organization.
Lab Analysis of central place theory, Comparative field visits of Urban and Rural Central places
Suggested Readings
Fellmann, D. F. Gatis and A. Gatis, J. 2005. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill: New York.
Hartshorne, A. T. and Alexander, W. J. 1988. Economic Geography, Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Clark, David. 1982. Urban Geography, Croom Helem: London.
Cartar, Harold. 1981. The Study of Urban Geography, Edward Arnod: London.
Northern, M. 1979. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Murphy, Raymond. 1966. The American city: An urban geography, McGraw Hill: New York.
Mayar, H. and Kohn. 1959. Readings in urban geography, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Smailes, A.E. 1958. Geography of Town, Hutchinson University: London.

Geographic approach of locational analysis, location and land use decision, agricultural locational theories and their applications, industrial location theories, location decision in urban space, retail location, residential and industrial location, locational analysis of transport network and routes, locational analysis of settlements, methods of locational analysis: location quotient, nearest neighbour analysis, surface analysis, (land value surface, population density surface etc.), Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, gravity and potential models etc.
Lab
Computation and analysis of agricultural location theory, industrial location theory, potential model, gravity model, nearest neighbour, Gini coefficient etc. case studies and application of land use models and location theories.
Suggested Readings
Charles, K. and Hall, S. 2004. Locational Models and Theories, Harper & Co: London.
Healey, M and Ilbery. 1992. Location and Change, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Peter, L. and Dicken.1990. Location in Space: a theoretical approach, Harper & Row: New York.
Haggett, P. 1977. Locational Analysis in Human Geography, Edward Arnold publishing: London.
Chorley, R. Haggett P. 1976. Models in Geography, Methuen & Co: London.

Population geography: its nature and scope, types and problems of data sources of data, fertility: measures, historical trend, pattern is develops and developing world, mortality: measures, pattern is developed and developing world, life table, population growth, pattern theories, problems, world population, distribution and resources, pattern of population composition age structure, sex combination economic composition marital status, measures of population distribution world population distribution and resources, migration, internal & international, population projection.
Lab
Quantitative analysis of population data, geographical presentation of preparation of maps based on population data, demographic survey and compilation of field survey report of any locality.
Suggested Readings
Peters, L. G. and Larkin, P. R. 2005. Population Geography, 8th Edition, Kendall, Hunt Publishing Company: Lowa.
Raw, M. 1986. Understanding Human Geography: A Practical approach, Bell & Hyman: London.
Jones, R. H. 1981. A Population Geography, Harpar & Row: London.
Hammond, W. C. 1979. Elements of Human Geography, 2nd Edition, Bell & Hayman: London.
Clarke, I. J. 1965. Population Geography, Pergamon press: London.

Concept of environmental management, environment and man (ecosystem, human interaction with the environment), population explosion, the human impact on the environment, resources, endangered earth, environmental hazards (classification, nature and dimension, parameters for human response, risk assessment and perception, adjustment to hazards), geo physical hazards, biological Hazards: AIDS, malaria, technological hazards: geometry and geography (air pollution, ozone layer depletion, green house effect, water pollution, marine pollution, pesticides Problem, water logging and salinity, desertification), environment impact statement, national and individual action, natural extremes and social resilience, a survey of Pakistan's environmental hazards: natural hazards, technological hazards, national conservation strategy, Pakistan environment act. Environmental ethics and hope: Islamic environmental ethics.
Lab
Field visits of urban and rural areas to identify local environmental problems and documentation of these problems through SRS data
Suggested Readings
Lackey, R.T. 2005. Economic growth and salmon recovery: an irreconcilable conflict, Fisheries 30(3): 30-32.
Stokstad, E. 2005. Taking the pulse of Earth’s life support systems, Science 308, 41 – 43.
Slocombe, S. 2004. Applying an Ecosystem Approach’ in B. Mitchell: Resource and Environmental Management in Canada: Addressing Conflict and Uncertainty, 3rd edition, Oxford University press: Toronto , pages 420 - 441
McRae, D. M. and Pearse, P. H. 2004. Treaties and transition: towards a sustainable fishery on Canada's Pacific Coast, Federal-Provincial Joint Task Group Report: 58pp.
Pauly, D., V. Christensen, S. Guénette, T. Pritcher, U. Sumaila, C. Walters, R. Watson, D. Zeller. 2002. Towards Sustainability in World Fisheries, Nature 418, 8 August, pages 689 – 695.
Gleick, P. 2000. The Changing Water Paradigm: A look at twenty-first century water resources development, Water International 25(1), 127 – 138
Guha, R. 2000. Environmentalism: A global history, Longman: New York, pp. 69 – 97
Freedman, B. 1998. Environmental Science: A Canadian perspective, Scarborough Prentice Hall: Canada, pp. 182 – 199
Ludwig, D., Hilborn, R. and Walters, C. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: Peter Science 260: 36.
Arms, Karen. 1991. Envernmental Science, Asunders College Publishing: Philadelphia.
Bennet, Robert and Estall, Robert. 1991. Global Change and Challenge: Geogrpahy for the 1990s, Routledge: London.
Kjellstrom, Tord. 1988. Health Hazards of the Environment: Measuring the Harm, World Health, pp. 2-5.
Beg, M. and Ali, Arshad. 1987. Air Pollution in Karachi, Pakistan Journal of Science and Industrial Research, Vol, 30, No. 1, pp. 60-71.
Goude, Andrew. 1986. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Basil Blackwell: Oxford.
Burton, Ian, Robert W. Kates and Gilbert F, White. 1978. The Environment as Hazard, Oxford University Press: New York.
Greenburg, M.R. 1978. Environmental Impact Statement, Resource Paper No. 78-3, Association of American Geographers: USA.

Introduction; Human sensory perception, Proxemic Studies: Personal and Interpersonal Space Human development, space and place: Children's geographies, Topophilia: Love of Place, Love of Home, Maps In Minds: Cognitive maps, Way-finding and Mental Maps, Experiencing Urban Environments , Hazard Perception: The Urban Environment, Hazard Perception: Adjustment & Risk Perception, Spatial Variations of Environmental attitudes in Pakistan, “Green” Values, Consumerism and the Environment, Preservation, Restoration, Environmental Values and The Rest of the World: Paradigm Shift.
Lab
Focus Presentations, Questionnaire based perception survey.
Suggested Readings
Mira, R. Garcia. 2006. Environmental Perception and Cognitive Maps, Psychology Press: New York.
Anthony. 2004. Hope and Despair: How Perceptions of he future shape Human Behavior, The John Hopkins University Press: Washington.
Schwartz, Robert. 2003. Perception, Blackwell Publication: Oxford.
Saarinen, F.T. and Sell, L. James. 1984. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect, The University of Chicago: Chicago.
Ervin, H. Zube. 1984. Environment Evaluation: Perception and public policy, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Ittelson, H. William. 1973. Environment and Cognition, Seminar Press: New York.
Whyte, T.V. A. 1977.Guidelines for Field Studies in Environmental Perception, United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Paris.
Saarinen, F.Thomas. 1969. Environmental Planning: Perception and Behavior. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston.

Natural Hazard Mitigation: Comprehensive Emergency Management: Breaking the Cycle, The four phases of comprehensive emergency management and the distinguishing characteristics of each, The concepts of mitigation and recovery as it relates to natural hazardous events, The inter-relationships between mitigation and recovery. Hazard and Risk Analysis: The difference between risk and vulnerability and their relationship, The concept of acceptable risk and the factors that influence this determination, The role and identifying methods of risk communication in hazard mitigation, Identify potential biases in risk perception. Hazard Mitigation; Case Study: The concept of hazard mitigation, Identify the common features of mitigation strategies and some specific approaches for natural hazards mitigation, The potential conflicts in mitigation strategies related to different natural hazards, The process for developing a hazard mitigation plan. Disaster Recover: Disaster Recovery Planning: The concept of disaster recovery as related to natural hazards disasters, The basis for integrating mitigation and recovery planning processes, Political and Community Power Influences, Identity at least two political and/or community factors that could affect the mitigation and recovery processes, Identity two means whereby political and community power influences can be taken into account in developing mitigation and recovery strategies. Presidential Disaster Declaration: The Presidential Disaster Declaration process, Legal Issues, Legal factors that affect local mitigation and recovery decisions, Examples of a successful disaster recovery effort that incorporates local mitigation strategies with recovery goals.
Lab
Identification of meteorological hazards on satellite data, synoptic maps, field visit to the Affected areas, Social and perception surveys.
Suggested Readings
Ansal and Atilla. 2004. Recent Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Microzonation, Springer: New York.
Louis, K. Comfort. 1988. Managing Disasters, Duke University Press: Durham.
Petak, William J. and Atkinsson, Arthur A. 1982. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy: Expecting the unexpected, Springer-Veriag: New York.
James W. Morentz, Hugh C. Russell, and Judith A. Kelly. 1982. Practical Mitigation: Strategies for Managing Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Research Alternatives: Maryland.
Harold, D. Foster. 1980. Disaster Planning: Preservation of Life and Property, Springer: New York.

Introduction to environmental impact assessment (EIA): EIA procedures and methods, Methods of Environment components, Public involvement in EIA, Initial Examination (IE), Environmental audit, Strategic environmental assessment, Impacts upon the physical environment: water, air and land, Assessment of ecological impacts, Socio-economic impacts, Assessment of impacts on humans: Cumulative effects assessment (CEA), and consideration of alternatives in EIA and EIS review. Environmental impact assessment, EIA in Pakistan, EPA guidelines for various projects, EIA Tools in Geography.
Lab
Visit of on going projects and recording of Environmental impacts in pre, during and post phases of the projects.
Suggested Readings
Wood, C. 2003. Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall: New Jersey
Lawrence P. D. 2003. Environmental Impact Assessment: Practical Solutions to Recurrent Problems, John Wiley: New York.
Schwartz, Robert. 2003. Perception, Blackwell Publication: Oxford.
Morris, Peter and Therival, Riki. 2001. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, Spon Press: London.
Marriott, B. B. 1997. Environmental Impact Assessment: A Practical Guide, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill: New York.
Bennett, Robert and Estall, Robert. 1991. Global Change and Challenge: Geography for the 1990, Routledge: London.
Ervin, H. Zube. 1984. Environment Evaluation: Perception and public policy, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Saarinen, F.Thomas. 1969. Environmental Planning: Perception and Behavior. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston.

Scope of agricultural geography, origin and diffusion of agricultural geography (theories), determinants of agricultural patterns (physical and non-physical), location of agriculture land use (land use models), crop combination regions, agricultural regions, land classification.
Lab
Quantitative analysis of agricultural data, graphical presentation and preparation of maps based on agricultural data, field survey and compilation of field survey report.
Suggested Readings
Singh, J. and Dhillon, S. S. 2004. Agricultural Geography, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited: New Dehli.
Farooqee, R. 1999. Strategic Reforms for Agricultural Growth in Pakistan, The World Bank Washington D.C.
Grigg, B. D, March. 1995. An Introduction to Agricultural Geography, 2nd edition, Routledge: London.
James, P.E. 1954. American Geography: Inventory and Prospects, Syracuse University Press: New York.
Grigg, David. 1995. Introduction to agricultural geography, 2nd Edition, Routledge: London.
Hans. 1983. Farming Systems in the Tropics, Ruthenberg Publisher, Oxford University Press: USA.

Definition and classification of manufacturing aspects and components of manufacturing geography, evolution of manufacturing activity with reference to socio-political and economic environment, factors of industrial location, approaches to the study of industrial location input factors, land, capital, raw material, energy, labour, enterprise, market, the interaction of supply and demand, input and output market, Pricing policies, infrastructure, transport modes and freight rate structures, social infrastructure, agglomeration and de-agglomeration, public policy and planning, locational interdependence, industrial location theories, early geographical approaches, Alfred Weber model, Edgar Hoover, august Losch, Walter Isard, evolution of industrial areas, circular cumulative causation, Industrial area’s ageing processes, types of industrial regions, decline and rejuvenation of industrial regions, industrial economy: an international perspective, regional implications of industrial locations, regional development, impact on other economic activities, industries and environment, regional industrial policies, objectives of regional industrial policies, nature of government interventions, impact of industrial and non-industrial government policies on regional industrial development, geographical analysis of selected industries of Pakistan, cotton textile industry, Iron and steel industry, sugar industry, cement industry, methods and techniques in industrial analysis.
Lab
Collection and analysis of industrial data, visit of industries.
Suggested Readings
Hartshorne, A. Truman and Alexander, J.W. 1996. Economic Geography, Prentice-Hall: New York.
Altaf, Z. 1988. Entrepreneurship in the third world and uncertainty in industry in Pakistan, Croom Helm: London.
Keith, Champman and Walker, David. 1987. Industrial Location; Principles and policies, Basil Blackwell: Oxford University press: New York.
Hewing, J.D. 1977. Regional industrial Analysis and Development, Methuen and Co: London.
Smith, D. M. 1971. Industrial Location: An Economic Geographical analysis, John Wiley: New York.
Alexanderson, Gunnar. 1967. Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice-Hall: New York.
Miller, E. Willard. 1962. Geography of Manufacturing, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs.

Scope of Biogeography, Terrestrial Biomes: tropical rainforest, tropical savanas, deserts, temperate grasslands, boreal forests, tudna, Fresh water Biomes: rivers, lakes, ponds, Marine Biomes: coastal biomes, continental shelf biome, deep sea ecosystem, urban ecosystem.
Lab
Study of terrestrial, marine and freshwater biomes, case studies and field study.
Suggested Readings
Woodward, Susan. 2003. Biomes of Earth, Greenwood Press: London.
Mac, Mahon. 2000. Warm Deserts, Hague Publication, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Tivy, Joy. 1990. Agricultural Ecology, Longman: Eytal.
Sukopp. 1983. Urban environments and vegetation, Junk Publication: London.

Introduction, framework for the study of transport systems, routes & networks, networks as graphs, network connectivity, network accessibility, density & shape of networks, network density, network shape, prediction of networks, location of routes & networks, minimum-distance networks, deviation from straight line paths, routes & political boundaries, development of transport networks, transport development, improved transport facilition, communication improvements, cost – space & time – space convergence, transport costs, general properties of transport costs, terminal & line-haul costs, curvilinear & line-haul costs, carrier competition, stepped freight rates, commodity variations in transport, loading and packaging costs, damage & risk variation, shipment size, regularity of movement, special equipment & services, elasticity of demand, freight rate variation & traffic characteristics, intra – city transportation & transport planning, transportation in Pakistan.
Lab
Preparation of transport maps of Pakistan/world with remote sensing & GIS Techniques, computing measures of connectivity by different methods, computing network accessibility, route sinuosity etc., with special reference to Karachi/Pakistan. Field work, submission of assignment and presentation.
Suggested Readings
David A. H. 2004. Hand Book of Transport Geography & Spatial Systems; Elsevier: London.
Hoyle, B. and Richard, K. 2004. Modern transport geography, John Wiley: New York.
Gary, L, Gaile and Cort, J. W.(Eds) 2003. Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century, Oxford University Press: London.
Miller, H.J. and Shaw, S.A. 2001. Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles & Applications, Oxford University Press: London.
Rodney, Tolley and Brian, T. 1995. Transport System, Policy & Planning, Longman: London.
Knapp, B. 1992. Systematic Geography, Collins Educational: London.
Lolite, H.P. and Senior, M.L. 1989. Transport Geography, Longman: London.
Robinson, H. 1989. Geography for Business Studies McDonald & Evans: London.
Robinson, H. & Bainford, C.G. 1978. Transport Geography, Mc.Dnald & Evans: London.
Kansky, K.J. 1963. Structure of Transportation Networks, Relationship between Network Geometry & Regional Characteristics. Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 84: Chicago: Illinois.
James E. P and Jones, F. C. (Eds). 1954. American Geography, Inventory & Prospects, Syracruse University Press: New York.

Scope of oceanography, the origin of ocean basin and structure of ocean floor: the geological formation of ocean floor, mid oceanic ridges and sea floor spreading, sea level changes, marine sedimentation: classification of marine sediments, shelf and deep sea sedimentation and Sratigraphy, marine ecology: ocean habitats, the properties of sea water, wind and sea circulation, waves in the ocean, coastal habitats, origin of estuary, lagoon, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, biology of the continental shelf and open sea, the oceanic resources: law of the sea, exclusive economic zones, mineral resources, fisheries etc., marine pollution, ocean dredging and mining.
Lab
Field visits of creeks, estuaries etc. and case studies related to transportation and sedimentation of Indus River sediments, marine ecology, marine resources, marine fishing, marine pollution, mangroves etc.
Suggested Readings
Paul, Pinet. 2005. Oceanography, Jones and Bartlett publisher: Boston.
Pirazzoli, A. P. 1996. Sea-Level Changes: The Last 20,000 Years, John Wiley: New York.
Sunamura, T. 1992. Geomorphology of Rocky Coasts, John Wiley: New York.
Anderson, R. 1986. Marine Geology, John Wiley: New York.
Tolmazin, D. 1985. Elements of Dynamic Oceanography, Winchester: UK
Barnes. 1982. An Introduction to Marine Ecology, Blackwell: Boston.

Importance and scope of the study of ecology of natural resources, resources geography: studies of natural resources by geographers, environment, natural resources and economic development, human impact on natural resources and their exploitation, environmentalist movement, sustainable development, ecological approach to management and development of natural resources, ecosystems, stability and resilience of ecosystems, classification of world ecosystems based on stability and resilience, planning process for sustainable development of natural resources, natural resource inventory, accounting system (NRAS), ecosystem modelling, system planning, environmental impact assessment (EIA), forest resources, exploitation, deforestation and management issues, grasslands, rangeland management, degradation control, water and soil resources development, prevention of soil depletion, development and conservation issues.
Lab
Case studies, field visits.
Suggested Readings
Robert, L. S. and Thomas, M. Smith. 2005. Elements of ecology, Benjamin Cummings: New Jersey.
Primack, B. R. 1998. Essentials of Conservation Biology, Sinauer Stanford University, Stanford.
Strahler, N. Arthur and Strahler, A. H. 1987. Modern Physical Geography, 3rd Edition, John Wiley: New York.
John, A. Dawson and John C. Doornkamp. ,1973. Evaluating the human environment, Edward Arnold: London

Study of shoreline, morphology of coastal areas, classification of coasts, evolution, effects of change of sea level. Tide and its effects on the coast, Human activities and Morphological changes Waves and shallow water transformation, Infragravity, Far infragravity waves, Near shore currents, Sediment transport processes and bed form, Beach and barrier, Morphodynamics, Muddy coast, Deltas & Estuaries.
Lab
Study of coastal features of Pakistan.
Suggested Readings
Anthony, N. and Procopio. 2006. An evaluation of landscapes, hydrology, and channel morphology of coastal plain drainages with different cranberry agriculture histories, ProQuest Information and Learning: Ann Arbor.
Ritter, Kochel and Miller. 2002. Process Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
Andrew, Miller. 1999. Varieties of Fluvial forms, John Wiley: New York
Pirazzoli, A. P. 1996. Sea-Level Changes: The Last 20,000 Years, John Wiley: New York.
Sunamura, T. 1992. Geomorphology of Rocky Coasts, John Wiley: New York.
Nordstrom, F. K. Psuty, N. and Carter, B. 1991. Coastal Dunes: Form and Process, John Wiley: New York.
Thornbury, W.E. 1991. Principles of Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
Guilcher, A. 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology: Coastal Morphology and Research John Wiley: New York.

Climatic classification: leads to regional pattern of natural vegetation human activities civilization, climatic impact (natural): weathering, soil formation, erosion, floods, drought, brushfires, Climate & Water resources: water cycle, Rainfall, melting of ice, rivers, annual water budget of a place, Water as: Soil re-charge (flood), as devastator (flood), miss-use leeching salinity & Water logging, Rainfall and river discharge studies: flood forecasting (catchments area and runoff, soil moisture level), Agricultural climatology: Rainfall, temperature, wind, sunshine, Ago-climatic regions of Pakistan crop climate calendar, Agricultural hazard, Climate and human living (comfort, discomfort) climate & housing, Air conditioning, Climate and public safety: Air-pollution, dust storm, thunderstorm, lightening hazards, Transport-fog, road icing, mudslides, snow avalanche, Aviation hazard, brush fires, cyclonic storm, tornados, swamps, breeding of mosquitoes, climate & Human activities relating to long term changes in climate, Carbon dioxide & ozone depletion leading to climate change, deforestation, over irrigation, desertification, Climate of cities: heat islands, areas of maximization of rainfall, climate and renewable energy resources.
Lab
Weather map interpretation related to climate, Climo-graphs, climate classification of a station comfort index by month of a climatic station, discuss your house design from climate view/out relate crops of a district (Rabi & Kharif) of Sindh/Punjab, Study climate normal of 1911-40, 1931-60, 1961-90 to search for climatic change if any over Pakistan.
Suggested Readings
Thompson, D. R. and Perry, A. 2005. Applied Climatology, 1st Edition, Taylor and Francis: London.
Barry, G. R. 2001. Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology, 1st Edition, Routledge: New York.
Strahler, A.N. 1992. Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Hobbs, E. J. 1980. Applied Climatology: A study of atmospheric resources, Westview Press: San Francisco.
Berry, B.J.L. and Chorley, R. 1971. Atmosphere, Weather, Climate, Methuen: London.
Trewartha, G.T. and Finch, J. 1967. Physical Elements of Geography, McGraw Hill: New York.
Trewartha, G.T. 1954. An Introduction to Climate, McGraw Hill: New York.

Scope of plant geography, plant habitat, plant dispersal and migration, tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, mangrove, desert vegetation, temperate grasslands, temperate broadleaf forests, boreal forests, tundra, Distribution of Plant families, Flora of Pakistan (Main regions) and Flora of Karachi
Lab
Study of various groups of plants and their dispersal, field visits and case studies.
Suggested Readings
Singh, J. and Dhillon, S. S. 2004. Agricultural Geography, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited: New Dehli.
Woodward, Susan. 2003. Biomes of Earth, Greenwood Press: London.
Farooqee, R. 1999. Strategic Reforms for Agricultural Growth in Pakistan, The World Bank Washington D.C.
Hans, Ruthenberg. 1983. Farming Systems in the Tropics, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Gleason and Cronquist. 1968. The Natural Geography of Plants, Colombia University Press: Colombia.
Cain, A. S. 1944. Foundation of Plant Geography: London.

Rural geography, nature and scope; approaches of study, resource-based economic approach, community-oriented social relations approach, land use based spatial approach, development as agent of changer, evolution in rural development practices, past and current emphases, institutional framework and mechanism for development of rural areas and communities, in liquated rural development, rural population, characteristics of rural population, occupational structure, social differentiation, rural settlements, types of rural settlements, morphological and internal patterns of rural settlements, relationship of rural settlements with resources use, nature and delivery of services to rural communities, rural problems, issues in rural development, planning and mechanism for rural development, community, oriented development and the role of government and non-governmental organizations.
Lab
Field survey of different categories of rural community and exercises involving analysis of data.
Suggested Readings
Woods, Michael. 2005. Rural Geography, Sage publication: London.
Delad, B. Clayton, Daut, David and Dubois, O. 2003. Rural Planning in Developing Countries: Supporting natural resources management and sustainable livelihoods, Earth scan publications limited: London.
Butler, R. 1998. Rural recreation and tourism, Longman: London.
Sulramaniam, S.R. 1987. Readings in integated rural development, IBH Publising co, pvt. ltd.: New Delhi.
Devi, Laxmi. 1996. Encyclopedia of Rural Development, policies, method, stalequies in rural development, institute of sustainable development: luchknow.
Pacione and Michael. 1984. Rural Geography: Integrated rural development, Harper & Raw Ltd.: London.
Clout, H.D. 1972. Rural Geography, Oxford University Press : Oxford.

Defining and conceptualizing migration and its types and reasons, levels and trends of migration theories of migration, impact of migration on regional development and relationship between human mobility and change in global economy, migration and poverty, mobility and health, migration and gender, migration policies before and past 9/11, Pakistan’s migration policy
Lab
Quantitative analysis of migration data, field work and report presentation
Suggested Readings
Kothari, Uma. 2002. Migration and chain Poverty, Institute of Development Policy and Management. University of Manchester: Manchester.
Martin, P. and J. Widgrn. 2002. Population Bulletin, Vol. 57, No.1. Population Reference Bureau: Washington D.C.
Hammond, W. C. 1979. Elements of Human Geography, 2nd Edition, Bell & Hayman: London.
Davies, Suzanne and Pandit, Kavita. 1999. Migration and Restructuring in the USA: A Geographic Perspective, Rowman and Littlefield: Colorado.

Introduction: Development of geography of recreation & tourism, significance of geography of recreation & tourism, planning and policy for recreation and tourism, the demand for recreation: measurement of demand, history of recreation, perception in outdoor recreation: theories, the history of holiday making, economics of recreation, recreation as a social force, tourism: its motivation & impact, outdoor recreation & the environment, basic components of tourism, planning for tourism, marketing of tourism, transport and tourism, changing trends in world tourism, tourism in Pakistan – problems & prospects.
Lab Preparation of tourist guide maps of Pakistan/world with remote sensing & GIS techniques, field work based on questionnaire survey of different places of tourist interest in Sindh/Karachi & submission of assignment and presentation, questionnaire survey of recreational areas in Karachi; submission of assignment & presentation.
Suggested Readings
C.M. Hall & S.T. 2004. Tourism in S. Asia, Routledge: New York.
Jorgen, O. Baerenholdt, Haldrug, M. Larsen, J. And Urry, J. 2004. Performing Tourist Places, Ashgate Publicaton Co: London.
David, A. Fennel. 2004. Ecotourism: An Introduction, Rohtledge: New York.
Hall, C.M. and Page, S.J. 2003. The Geography of Tourism and Recreation, Routledge: New York.
Lloyd, Hudman, Richard, H. and Tacksan. 2003. Geography of Travel & Tourism, Deelmar: London.
Patrick, Lavery. 1999. Introduction to Travel & Tourism Recreational Geography, Longman: New York.
Wahab, Salah and Pigram, J. I. 1997. Tourism Development & Growth, Routledge: New York.
Cooper, C.P. 1989. Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Pinter Publish: New York.
Pigram, John. 1980. Outdoor Recreation & Resource management, Routledge: New York.
James, P. E. and Clarence, F. Jones. 1954. American Geography Inventory and Prospects, Association of American Geographers: Syracruse.

Accessibility, land use, and social implications of urban transportation, relationship between urban and use and transportation, accessibility and urban dwellers, urban transportation systems, network, modes, flow, inventory, system operation, modes of urban transport: patterns and related issues, road transport, rail transport, water transport; ports, air transport, urban transportation modal system (UTMS), trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, route or network assignment, metropolitan transportation planning process, models, problem solving process, transportation planning Process, transportation problems, identification and classification of problems, problem hierarchy, transport service problems, problems created by transportation, environmental problems, land use/land values, social problems, infrastructure problems, transportation goals and objectives, basic urban values and goals, goals for transportation, alternate solutions to transport problems, transportation and technologies, transport solutions to transport problems, non-transport solutions to transport problems, metropolitan transportation in Pakistan, main issues related to metropolitan transportation in Pakistan, metropolitan transportation of Karachi; problems and alternate planning strategies, transportation data and techniques of analysis, problems with transport information, geocoding, land use inventory, travel facilities inventory, O-D survey, application of GIS and remote sensing in transportation analysis and planning.
Lab
Field surveys/study of various problems using statistical methods.
Suggested Readings
Katz, B. and Puentes, R. 2005.Taking the High Road: A Metropolitan Agenda for Transportation Reform, Brookings Institution Press: Washington.
Middleton, D.W. 2003. Metropolitan Railways: Rapid transit in America, Indiana University Press: Bloomington.
Taaffe, E.J. 1996. Geography of Transport, Second Edition Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Quddus, Abdul, Syed. 1987. Pattern of Transport in Pakistan, Islamic Book Centre: Lahore.
Rakowski, James, P.E. 1976. Transportation Economics, Gale Research Company: Michigan.
John, W. Dickey. 1975. Metropolitan Transportation Planning, McGraw Hill: New York.
Hurst, M.E.E. 1974. Transportation Geography, McGraw Hill: New York.
Murphy, R.E. 1966. The American City, McGraw Hill: New York.

Introduction to regional planning, need for regional planning; inter and intra regional planning; elements, objectives and current ideas in planning; evolution of planning theory, regional concept, concept of a region types of regions, identification and differentiation of administrative, planning and special purpose regions, qualities and problems of a planning region, regional systems and hierarchy, delimitation techniques; relationship between regional and national planning, planning theories, theories in planning, regional growth, locational and economic growth theories, planning information, basic surveys: landuse, demographic socio-economic, transportation and infrastructure; the role of data in plan preparation and relative problems associated with data collection, the planning process, preparation of regional plans, integrated area plan, sectoral plan, local plan, their contents, preparation, programming and presentation, some complex issues in planning process; uncertainty in planning, elements and factors in regional planning, organizations, public participation and political implications, spatial imbalances of economic health, rich and poor areas, recognition and mapping of regional inequalities, basic needs, planning for energy, water supply, health, education, agriculture, transport etc., a comparative study of area development, policies/regional planning in Pakistan and other countries of the world, especially France and Britain, a critical appraisal of regional planning in Pakistan, major challenges, information gap; technology to suit local needs, social welfare and mobilization of masses.
Lab
Preparation of maps of different regions from satellite imageries use of GPS and GIS, demarcation of planning regions based on primary and secondary data, demarcation of planning regions based on statistical methods and use of relevant computer soft wares, preparation of assignment and presentation.
Suggested Readings
Healey, Patsy. 2006. Collaborative Planning, Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, MacMillan: New York.
Altrack, U. Guntner S. Sandre, Hunning and Peters, D. 2006. Spatial Planning and Urban Development in the New EU Member States, from adjustment to rejuvenation Ash Gate Pub. Ltd.: New York.
Richard, T. and Gates, Le. 2005. Thinking Globally, Acting Regionally, GIS and Data Visualization for social science and public policy research, ESRI: Washington.
Stephen, M. Wheeler. 2004. Planning for sustainability, Towards more live able and ecological communities, Tayler & Franccs Publication: New York.
Harvey, W. Armstrong. 2000. Regional Economics and Policy, Blackwell Publication: London.
Conyers, Diana, Hills and Peter. 1991. An Introduction to Development Planning in the Third World, John Wiley: New York.
Paul, J. Clock. 1983. An Introduction to Rural Settlement Planning, Methmen: London.
Cheema, S. Shabbir. 1981. Institutional Dimension of Regional Development in Asia: Singapore.
Lassey, William. R. 1977. Planning in Rural Environment, McGraw Hill: USA.
Falaudi, A. 1977. A Reader in Planning Theory, Pergamon: London.
Peter, Hall. 1976. Urban and Regional Planning, Charles Newton Abbot Pub: London.
Stanley, D. Brunn. 1975. Cities of the world, world regional urban development, Harper Row Pub: New York.

Scope of fluvial geomorphology, the river channel: process of valley development, classification of valley, drainage pattern and drainage texture, channel sediments: transportation, bank erosion, deposition, & the frequency and magnitude of river work, hydraulic geometry, the influence of slope, channel shape, channel pattern, river rejuvenation process, river piracy, river terraces and their significance, alluvial deposits and alluvial landforms, development of flood plain and types, alluvial fans and bajadas, river deltas: formation and types, case studies.
Lab
Field study trips to study fluvial process and land forms, analysis of drainage surface, computational analysis of channel geometry, channel discharge.
Suggested Readings
Schaetzl, R. J. and Anderson, S. 2005. Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Thornbury,W.E. 2002. Principle of Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
Ritter, Kochel, Miller. 2002. Process Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
Ritter, Kochel and Miller. 2001. Process Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.
Andrew, Miller. 1999. Varieties of Fluvial forms, John Wiley: New York.
Thornbury, W.E. 1991. Principles of Geomorphology, John Wiley: New York.

Introduction: definition, history, land has value by way of rent, use & misuse of land, factors influencing land use: people: stage of technological development, cultural compulsions, density distribution, site, city structure: classical models: concentric zone theory, sector theory, multinuclear, central Business district, central city, suburb – western and non-western situation, land value/rental value, accessibility, centripetal & centrifugal forces, historical legacies, cultural factors, land use categories & their representation on a land use map plan, residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, office, assembly, open spaces, vacant land (use unspecified), land use planning, neighborhood unit concept, garden city concept, ekistics approach, study of city plan of Hyderabad, Islamabad & Karachi, zoning laws, city planning, relocation of land use, urban re-development.
Lab
Field visit of downtown, core areas and urban peripheries of Karachi.
Suggested Readings
Herbert, T. D. and Thomas, J. C. 2005. Cities in space: City as Place, 3rd Edition, David Fulton Publishers: London.
Freire, M. and Belinda, Y. P. K. 2004. Enhancing Urban Management in East Asia: Urban and Regional Planning and Development, Ashgate: Burlington
Hall, P. 2002. Urban and Regional Planning, 4th Edition, Routledge: London.
Laurini, R. 2001. Information Systems for Urban Planning, CRC: London.
Davies, K. W. and Herbert, D.T. 1993.Communities with in Cities: An Urban Social Geography, Bellhaven Press: New York.
Herbert, D. and Thomas, J. C. 1982. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Herbert, T. D and Thomas, J. C. 1982.Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Northam, M. R. 1975. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Herbert, D. 1972. Urban Geography, David & Charles: Newton Abbot.
Johnson, J. 1968. Urban Geography, Elsevier Science Publishing Co: Atlanta.
Murphy, E. R. 1966. The American city: An urban geography, McGraw-Hill: New York.

Sources of fresh water, problems of fresh water resources, methods and techniques of water management, management of water resources in irrigation, desalination and recycling, problems of water supply in urban areas.
Lab
Field visits and case studies.
Suggested Readings
Lackey, R.T. 2005. Economic growth and salmon recovery: an irreconcilable conflict? Fisheries 30(3): 30- 32.
McRae, D. M. and Pearse, P. H. 2004. Treaties and transition: towards a sustainable fishery on Canada's Pacific Coast, Federal-Provincial Joint Task Group Report: 58pp.
Mays. W. L. 2004. Water Resource Systems Management Tools, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill: New York.
Jain, K. S. and Singh P. V. 2003. Water Resources Systems Planning and Management, 1st Edition, Elsevier Science: New York.
Pauly, D, V. Christensen, S. Guénette, T. Pritcher, U. Sumaila, C. Walters, R. Watson, and D. Zeller. 2002. Towards Sustainability in World Fisheries, Nature 418, 8 August, pages 689 – 695.
Karamouz, M. Szidarovszky, F. and Zahraie, B. 2003. Water Resources Systems Analysis, CRC: London.
Lyon, G. J. 2002. GIS for Watershed and Water Resource Management, CRC: London.

Questions of medical Geography, The Human Ecology of disease, Landscape Epidemiology, Developmental change and human health, the Biometeorology of health status, the pollution syndrome, Geographies of disease in economically developed areas, disease diffusion in space, health care delivery systems worldwide, distribution of health care resources, accessibility, utilization and health service planning, data, measures and methodologies, scale, spatial analysis and geographic visualization, study of the incidence and diffusion of diseases in Pakistan.
Lab
Identification of disease cluster places, Ecological parameters collection of vital statistics from mosquitoes and identification of vector on satellite data/GCP.
Suggested Readings
Koch, T. 2005. Cartographies of Diseases: Maps, Mapping and Medicine, Esri Press: Redlands.
Meade, S. Melinda and Earickson, J. Robert. 2000. Medical Geography, The Guilford Press: New York.
Naish, Michael and Warn, Sue. 1993. The Geography of Health, Longman: England.
Akhtar, Rais. 1991. Environment and Health: Themes in Medical Geography, Ashish Publication House: New Delhi.
Cliff, D. Andrew and Haggett, Peter. 1988. Atlas of Disease Distribution, Blackwell Publisher: UK
Learmonth, Andrew. 1988. Disease Ecology, Blackwell Publication: UK.
Dubos, Rene. 1968. Man, Medicine, and Environment, Frederick A. Praeger publisher: New York.

Defining health and health care services, historical overview about development of health case services, concept of health and diseases and illness from geographical view point, ecology and health, spatial analysis, geographic pattern of diseases, geographic approach to analyze problems of health care in developed and developing countries, Impact of environment demography and social change on health care services, Spatial pattern of utilization of health care services and accessibility.
Lab
Quantitative analysis and preparing maps collecting data and report writing.
Suggested Readings
Gurtis, Sarah. 2004. Health and Inequality: Geographical Perspective, Sage: New York.
Rao, Mohan. 1999. Disinvesting in Health. The World Bank’s perception on Health, Sage Publications: New York.
Jles, Valerie. 1997. Really Managing Health Care, University Press: Buckingham.
Weiss. L.G, Lonnquist, E. Lynne. 1994. The Sociology of Health, Healing and Illness, Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Bradley, W. 1993. Disease Diagnosis and Decisions, John Wiley: New York.
H. D. Seed. 1991. Liberating Medicine, John Wiley: New York.
William, J. Stephen and Torrens, R. Paul. 1988. Introduction to Health Services. Delmar Publishers: New York.

Introduction to geography of administration, the logic of administrative areas, the concept of territoriality, administration and development images of public administration a structural functional approach, the hierarchy of administrative system, the spatial structure of administrative areas, analysis of their shape, size and functional effectiveness, administrative systems of unitary and federal states, measures of functional effectiveness of an administrative area, administrative area reform, the effect of administrative area on economic and political life of a nation, a case study of Pakistan: evolution of administrative units in Pakistan, the hierarchy of administrative units in Pakistan, shifting of federal capital from Karachi to Islamabad, provincial capitals.
Lab
Preparation of assignment on a selected political area administrative unit of Pakistan or any part of the world.
Suggested Readings
Herod, A.O. Tuathail, G. and Reberts, S.M. 1998. An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography, Routledge: New York.
Woodhouse, D. 1997. In Pursuit of Good Administration, Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Bryan, H. Massam. 1972. Spatial Structure of Administrative Systems, Resource Paper No. 12, Association of American Geographers: Washington D.C.
Edward W. Saja. 1971. The Political Organization of Space Resource Paper No. 8, Association of American Geographers: Washington D.C.
Zaidi, I.H. 1961. Administrative Areas of West Pakistan: A Geographical Evaluation, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Syracess: New York.

A definition of religion, The Universatality of religion Theories of the origin of religion( The Animistic theories, The nature worship theory The theory of Original Monotheism, The magic theory, The Wishfulfillment theory, Types of religions. Intro to Geography & Intro to Geog of Religion ,Geography of South Asia Hinduism, Geography of Southeast Asia,Buddhism.,Geography of East Asia ,Taoism; Zen Buddhism, Islam; Judaism, Geography of Europe, Geography of Latin America , Roman Catholicism.
Lab
Analysis of the spatial distribution and pattern of world religions.
Suggested Readings
De Blij, H. J. 2003. Human geography: Culture and Society, John Wiley: New York.
Fellmann, A. Getis. 2003. Human geography, McGraw Hills: New York.
Scott, Foreman and De Blij, H. J. 1989. World geography, Scott Foresman and Company: Illinois.
Rubenstein, M. James. 1989. The cultural landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Merril Publishing Company: Columbus.
Raw and Michael. 1986. Understanding human geography: A Practical Approach, Bell and Hymann: London.

History and development of electoral geography, geography and electoral studies, electoral system and electoral data, geographical methods and approaches to electoral data analysis, elections: the plurality system preferential system, list system, mixed system, referenda & plebiscites, electoral data, voting records and ecological analysis, survey data and opinion polls, geography of voting: political regionalism in a nation-state, political cleavage formation and political parties, mobilization of peripheries, the distribution of party voters, social bases of geographies of voting, geographical influences in voting, the constituencies and their effect on voting behavior, the neighborhood effect, empirical studies suggesting neighborhood effects rival hypothesis, candidates issues and campaigns, voting for the candidate: the friends and neighbors effect, voting on issues, the campaign, geography of representation, electoral abuses, numerical discrimination electoral reform, the problem of alternative geographies, the problem of alternative electoral system, towards a geography of power, geography, elections, representation and power, the geography of representative behavior, the value of votes, direct democracy.
Lab
Statistical and cartographic analysis elections in various parts of the world, submission of lab./assignment on case studies.
Suggested Readings
Held, D. 1995. Democracy and Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Stanford University Press: Stanford.
Guinier, L. 1994. The Tyranny of the Majority, Free Press: New York.
Gronfinan, B. Handlley, L. Niemi R. 1992. Minority Representation and the Quest for voting Equality, Cambridge University Press: New York.
Taylor, P.J. Johnston, R.J. 1979. Geography of Elections, Penguin: London.

Prehistoric environments, the earliest human groups and tools makers, the Paleolithic cultural phase, the Mesolithic cultural phase, the Neolithic cultural phase, the Indus Civilization, the Pre-Harapan cultural phase: Amri, Kulli, Kot Deji etc. Harapan cultural phases: Origin of urban societies, Indian cities, decline of Indus Civilization, Post Harapan cultural phase.
Lab
Techniques of stone tool making, study of prehistoric implements and artifacts sketching of stone tools and ceramics, visit of prehistoric sites in Sindh and Balochistan.
Suggested Readings
Kenoyer, J. 2004. Indus Valley Civilization Publisher, Oxford University Press: Oxford
Allchin, F.R. 1995. The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Cremo, Michael, A. 1998. Forbidden Archeology, Torchlight Publishers: San Jose.
Bridget and Allchin. 1988. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan, Cambridge University Press: London.

Study of impacts of weather and climate on crops, cropping pattern, crop combination, application of water balance, agro climatic regions of Pakistan.
Lab
Agro climatic regions map of Pakistan, analysis of agro climatic regions.
Suggested Readings
Thompson, D. R. and Perry, A. 2005. Applied Climatology. 1st Edition. Taylor and Francis: London.
Mavis, S. H. and Tupper, J. G. 2004. Agro Meteorology Principles and Applications of Climate Studies in Agriculture, International Book Distributing Co: Charbagh. Lucknow.
Singh, J. and Dhillon, S. S. 2004. Agricultural Geography, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited: New Dehli.
Barry, G. R. 2001. Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology, 1st Edition, Routledge: New York.
Gliessman, R. Stephen, Krieger, R. and Engles E. 1998. Agro ecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture, CRC: London.
Khan, A. Jamil. 1993. The Climate of Pakistan, Rehbar Publishers: Karachi.

Scope of settlement Geography, hierarchy of settlements and central place theory, urban settlements: origin and spread of cities, western and non-western urbanization, urban structure, western and nonwestern urban land use models, classification of urban settlements, urban fringe, suburbs satellites and urban sprawl, Rural Settlements: rural settlements forms and pattern, rural settlement types: dispersed, compact, nucleated, structure and land use of rural settlements, functional characteristics of rural settlements.
Lab
Study of structure and land use of urban and rural settlements, application of central place theory in settlement. Study, field visit of villages and cities, case studies.
Suggested Readings
Woods, Michael. 2005. Rural Geography, Sage publication: New York.
Michael, Pacione. 2001. Urban Geography, Routledge: New York.
William, Hornby. 2000. Settlement Geography, Cambridge University Press: London
Jones, M. 1989. Geography of Settlement, Longman: UK.
Hudson. 1988. Settlement Geography, John Wiley: New York

Geographic approach to rural settlement, spatial pattern and classification of rural settlements: western and non-western patterns of rural settlements (Anglo America, Latin America, Europe, Africa, East Asia, South Asia), rural settlement types in Pakistan, structure and land use of rural settlements, rural house types: geographical approach of the study of rural house types: structure, construction techniques and materials, cultural characteristics, Log houses of Anglo America, Latin American rural house types, folk houses of Europe, Africa, East Asia, South Asia, rural house types in Pakistan.
Lab
Analysis, sketches and diagrams of rural settlement types in different countries, study of rural settlements, land use of villages of different areas of Pakistan, study of settlement pattern and functions, sketches of folk houses in different areas of Pakistan, field visits of villages.
Suggested Readings
Woods, Michael. 2005. Rural Geography, Sage publication: New York.
Clayton. 2003. Rural Planning in Developing Countries, Earthscon publishing: London.
Norton. 2000. Cultural Geography, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Chisholm, M. 1987. Rural Settlement and Land use, John Wiley: New York.
Spencer, Thomas. 1978. Introducing Cultural Geography, John Wiley: New York
Kappapot. 1969. House form and Culture, Englewood Cliff: New York.

Scope of rural geography, process of rural change: modernity and the rural world, agricultural change, changing rural economy, social and demographic change, counter urbanization, rural development and planning, rural governance, rural life style housing, health, poverty etc. rural recreation and tourism.
Lab
Assignment and presentation on rural problems, rural life style, rural planning, visit of rural areas, case studies. A visit to rural areas of Karachi & Thatta.
Suggested Readings
Michael, Woods. 2005. Rural Geography, Sage publication: London.
Butler, R. 1998. Rural recreation and tourism, Longman: London.
Spencer and Thomas. 1978. Introducing Cultural Geography, John Wiley: New York
Clout, H.D. 1972. Rural Geography, Oxford University press: Oxford
Kappapot. 1969. House form and Culture, Englewood Cliff: New York.

The idea of globalization, globalization as an economic process, international economy and globalization, forces of globalization, technological based industrial centers, impact of globalization on sub-national, national and regional economics, regional impact of trade and changes in trade regimes political factors of trade regimes and trade flows, FDI and investment in developing countries, role of WTO.
Lab
Literature survey of global problems, drafting of presentation maps on global issues. Case Studies.
Suggested Readings
Ball, R. 1997. The role of the state in the globalization of labour market: the case of the Phillippines, Environment and Planning 29. 1603-28.
Angel, D. and Savage, L. 1996. Global locatization Japanese Researched Development Laboraties in the USA-Environment and Planning 28, 819-33
Amin, A and Thrift, N. 1984. Globalization, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Definition of arid areas, world arid land, desertification problems and management, impact of climatic change, global problems of desertification, physical, anthropogenic and cultural factors, Degradation in Pakistan, Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), Desertification in Pakistan, National Action Plan
Lab
Case study and field visits.
Suggested Readings
Lackey, R.T. 2005. Economic growth and salmon recovery: an irreconcilable conflict? Fisheries 30(3): 30- 32.
Gleick, P. 2000. The changing water paradigm: A look at twenty-first century water resources development, Water International 25(1), 127 – 138
Guha, R. 2000. Environmentalism: A global history New York, Longman: New York.
Ludwig, Hilborn, R. and Walters, C. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: Science 260: 36.

Study of urban environment, urban pollution and management, solid waste management, air pollution and its effects on health, heat islands, Green areas deterioration, Culture and Ecological indicators, Green verses Grey areas, Dynamic segmentation of Land cover and Land use, Environmental Justice, Distribution of Pollutants and Civic amenities
Lab
Study of selected urban areas with special reference to environmental problems.
Suggested Readings
Herbert, T. D. and Thomas, J. C. 2005. Cities in space: City as Place, 3rd Edition, David Fulton Publishers: London.
Lackey, R.T. 2005. Economic growth and salmon recovery: an irreconcilable conflict? Fisheries 30(3): 30- 32.
Gleick, P. 2000. The changing water paradigm: A look at twenty-first century water resources development’ Water International 25(1), 127 – 138.
Guha, R. 2000. Environmentalism: A global history, Longman: New York
Ludwig, D. Hilborn, R. and Walters, C, 1993 Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history Science 260: 36.
Davies, K. W. and Herbert, D.T. 1993.Communities with in Cities: An Urban Social Geography, Bellhaven Press: New York.
Herbert, D. and Thomas, J. C. 1982. Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Herbert, T. D and Thomas, J. C. 1982.Urban Geography, John Wiley: New York.
Freedman, B. 1998. Environmental Science: A Canadian perspective, Scarborough, Prentice Hall: Canada.

Defining and conceptualizing feminist and gender geography, feminist theories, difference and polities of knowledge, emergence of feminist geography, space, place and gender: a theoretical perceptions, gendering spaces of work, public and private, gender, globalization and development, gender and environment, gender, national and the polities.
Lab
Preparing maps, field work and report writing.
Suggested Readings
Ronnie, Vernooy. 2006. Social and Gender Analysis in Natural Resource Development. Learning Studies and Lessions from Asia, Sage: New York.
Jon, Murdoch. 2005. Part-structuralize Geography. A Guide to Relational Space, Sage: New York.
Phil, Hubbard. 2005. Key Thinkers on Space and Place, Sage: New York.
Sumi, Krishna. 2005. Lively hood and Gender, Sage: New York
Kofman, E, Ragheeram, P. 2005. Gender and Skilled Migrants: Into and Beyond the Workplace, Special
Issue of Geoforum. Vol. 36, No.2 pp. 149-154.
Lunn, Stacheh, M. Kopman and Linda, Peake. 2005. Mapping Gender, Making Policies: Ferminist Perspectives on Political Geography, Routledge: New York.
Neel, Castree. 2004. Spaces of Work. Global Capitalism and Geographic of Labours, Sage: New York.

Course introduction, cartographic design, typography and lettering the map, color use guidelines, symbolization, visualization and its historical context, under represented populations in cartography, distributed GIS, internet mapping for education, commercial web mapping programs, internet mapping.
Lab
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 1 big picture design.
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 2 type basics
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 3 effective type in map design
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 4 color basics; and module 5 Color decisions in decisions for mapping
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 6 creating custom symbols
Cartographic design in ArcGIS 9: module 7customizing map elements
Open lab for mapping project
ArcIMS
Suggested Readings
Baker, Thomas. 2005. Internet-Based GIS Mapping in Support of K-12 Education: The Professional Geographer 57 (1): 44-50.
Tang, Winnie, Jan and Selwood. 2003. Connecting Our World. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press: Redlands.
Peng, Zhong-Ren, Ming-Hsiang and Tsou. 2003. Internet GIS: Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and Wireless Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons: New York. Nelson, S, Elisabeth. 2000. The Impact of Bivariate Symbol Design on Task Performance in a Map Setting, Cartographica. 37(4): 61-77.
Van, Den, Hoonaard, Will. 2000. Getting There without Aiming at It: Women’s Experiences in Becoming Cartographers, Cartographica. 37(3): 47-60.
H. Wood, C. Peter and Keller, Cartographic Design: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons: New York.
Robinson, A. H. 1995. Elements of Cartography, 6th edition, John Wiley: New York

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Eligibility
Students who have completed M. Sc or BS (4 years) in Geography are eligible to apply for admission.
Duration
2 years
one year comprises two semesters of course works
one year for completion of thesis)
Total Credit hours 24
Courses:
Total 8 courses: 4 courses per semester
3 compulsory courses and 5 optional courses
Note: Selection of the optional courses will be decided by the supervisors. Total 5 optional courses will be selected in two semesters. At least two optional courses will be selected from special group while remaining three optional courses will be taken either from other special groups or courses of allied subjects.

M.S./ M.Phil. Course Work

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Special Groups of Courses

1. Environmental Management
2. Geo-informatics
3. Medical Geography
4. Urban Geography
5. Cultural Geography
6. Political Geography
7. Economic Geography
8. Tourism and Recreation
9. Physical Geography
10. Population Geography

1. Environmental Management

2. Geo-informatics

3 Medical Geography

4 Urban Geography

5 Cultural Geography

6. Political Geography

7 Economic Geography

8 Tourism and Recreation

9. Physical Geography

10. Population Geography

Environmental Management

GEOG: 780 ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION

GEOG: 781 ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITION AND GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 782 FOUNDATIONS OF HAZARDS AND DISASTER STUDIES

GEOG: 783 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ANALYSIS

GEOG: 784 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

Geo-informatics

GEOG: 790 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS

GEOG: 791 SURVEYING

GEOG: 792 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING

GEOG: 793 ADVANCED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

GEOG: 794 ADVANCED REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGE PROCESSING

GEOG: 795 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Medical Geography

GEOG: 770 MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 771 GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH CARE

GEOG 772 GIS AND PUBLIC HEALTH

GEOG: 773 SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF DISEASES IN PAKISTAN

Urban Geography

GEOG: 701 Urban Geography

GEOG: 702 Urban Land Use Planning

GEOG: 703 Urban Planning and Development

GEOG: 704 Geography of Retailing

GEOG: 705 Geography of Urban Transportation

GEOG: 706 Urban Ecology

GEOG: 707 Urban Geography of Pakistan

GEOG: 708 Central Place System

GEOG: 709 Locational Analysis

GEOG: 710 Spatial Analysis

Cultural Geography

GEOG: 721 SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 722 RURAL SETTLEMENTS AND HOUSE TYPES

GEOG: 733 RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF PAKISTAN

GEOG: 756 CULTURAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

GEOG: 757 PRE-HISTORIC CULTURE

GEOG: 758 PRE-HISTORIC CULTURE OF PAKISTAN

Political Geography

GEOG: 711 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 712 ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 713 GEOGRAPHY OF ADMINISTRATION

GEOG: 714 POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

GEOG: 715 TERRITORIAL DISPUTES AND CONFLICT

GEOG: 719 WATER RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT

GEOG: 974 GEOGRAPHY OF CRIMES

GEOG: 796 ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN

GEOG: 797 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN

GEOG: 798 GEOPOLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA

Economic Geography

GEOG: 744 RURAL GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 755 RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE

GEOG: 759 TRANSPORTATION GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 766 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

GEOG: 767 MANUFACTURING GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 771 AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN

GEOG: 772 CROPS COMBINATION AND CROPPING REGION

Tourism and Recreation

GEOG: 741 GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM & RECREATION

GEOG: 742 THE GEOGRAPHY OF SPORTS

GEOG: 743 GEOGRAPHY OF ECO-TOURISM

GEOG: 744 RURAL TOURISM

GEOG: 745 URBAN TOURISM

GEOG: 746 ADVENTURE TRAVEL & TOURISM

GEOG: 747 GEOGRAPHY OF SPORTS TOURISM

GEOG: 748 MOUNTAIN TRAVEL AND TOURISM

GEOG: 749 COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM

GEOG: 750 HERITAGE TOURISM

GEOG: 751 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Physical Geography

GEOG: 773 APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY

GEOG: 769 AGRO-CLIMATOLOGY

GEOG: 763 COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

GEOG: 761 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ARID LAND

GEOG: 760 FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

GEOG: 764 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Population Geography

GEOG: 777 POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 779 MIGRATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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Ph.D. in Geography

____________________________________________________________________

Eligibility
1. Students who have completed MS or M. Phil Degree in Geography are eligible to apply for admission.
2. Students who have completed MS.(Remote sensing and GIS) with their BS. In Geography/M.Sc. in Geography.
Courses:
Students have to complete two compulsory courses
Course I (Compulsory Course)
Geog: 801 Research Techniques in Geography
Geog: 802 Recent Trends in Geographical Research

GEOG: 801 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY

GEOG: 802 RECENT TRENDS IN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

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RS/GIS (EVENING PROGRAM)

____________________________________________________________________

Eligibility
M.Sc / M.A in Geography, 4 years BS (Geography), BS (Remote Sensing and GIS) or minimum 16 years of education (KU BASR Recognized Institutes/Universities).
Other disciplines graduates will have to enroll in prerequisite courses as proposed by the Departmental Board of Studies – Department of Geography as per University of Karachi prescribed guidelines. Preferred disciplines other than above mentioned are:
Geology, Environmental Science or Engg., Civil Engg, Forestry, Agriculture, Town Planning, City & Regional Planning, Oceanography, Electrical Engg., Mechanical Engg, Zoology, Botany, Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics, Applied Physics, Public Health, Medical Science Disciplines, Education, Epidemiology, Land Management, Landscape Architecture, Archeology and Architecture.
Allocation of Seats
1. Graduates with major in Geography 20 Seats
2. Graduates with major in Allied Sciences 10 Seats
Note: In case of more than 30 applicants, an Entrance Test is recommended, which will be based on basic geography, mathematics and Computer Science Knowledge.
Duration
1. Two years spread over 4 semesters (two semesters per year)
2. 39 credit hours including thesis.

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Structure

Deficiency Courses

Core Courses

Elective/ Specialized Courses

Specialization Fields

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Research Thesis

GIS-899: Masters Thesis Research

COURSE OUTLINES

GIS-501: Introduction to Geographical Information Systems and Spatial Analysis

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GIS-511: Introduction to Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing

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GIS-521: Introduction to Spatial Database and Programming

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GIS-801: Advanced Geographical Information Systems

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GIS-811: Advanced Remote Sensing and Image Processing

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GIS-821: Advanced Spatial Database and Programming

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GIS-881: Research Methods

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GIS 831: Agriculture and Food Security

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GIS 832: Forest Management

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GIS 833: Soil Geomorphology and Classifications

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GIS 834: Hydrology and Water Resources

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GIS-835 Conservation of Biodiversity

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GIS 836: Management of Energy Resources

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GIS 837: Management of Mineral Resources

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GIS-841 Coastal Zone Management

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GIS-842 Natural Hazards & Disaster Management

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GIS 843: Environmental Pollution

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GIS 844: Environmental Impact Assessment

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GIS 845: Environmental Decisions and Conflict Resolution

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GIS 846: Disease Ecology

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GIS 847: Climatology

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GIS 851: Land Use Planning & Management

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GIS 852: District Planning and Management

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GIS 853: Urban Planning

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GIS-854 Infrastructure & Transport Planning

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GIS 855: E-Governance

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GIS-856 Planning and Management of Housing

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GIS-861 Poverty Alleviation

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GIS 862: Tourism Development

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GIS 863: Education and Health Services

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GIS-864 Business and Marketing

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GIS 865: Land Information System (LIS)

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GIS 866: Utilities and Services Management

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GIS 871: Geodesy

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GIS 872: Integrated Geo-Technologies

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GIS 873: Corporate GIS

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GIS 874: Web GIS

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GIS-875 GIS Project Management

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GIS-876 Geostatistics

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GIS 877: Spatial Decision Support System

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GIS 878: GIS Standards, Security and Ethics

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GIS 901: Special Topics in GIS

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GIS 911: Special Topics in Remote Sensing